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How Can Moors Americans Get Grant Money

Written By Wednesday, January 12, 2022 Add Comment Edit

American national and interfaith organization

Attendees of the 1928 Moorish Science Temple Of America Convention in Chicago. Baronial Drew Ali is in white in the front row center.

The Moorish Science Temple of USA is an American English national and churchlike administration founded past Noble Drew Ali (foaled as Timothy John Drew). Atomic number 2 based information technology connected the premise that Moorish Americans are descendants of the Moabites and thus are "Moorish" (sometimes also spelled "Muurish" by adherents) aside nationality, and Islamic away faith and are falsely identified as "blacks, African-Americans, Negroes, Roan..." and many other tags of slavery. Ali put in concert elements of major traditions to develop a message of personal repatriation through historical education, racial pride and spiritual upliftment. His philosophy was also intended to provide Moorish Americans with a gumption of identity in the world and to further civic involvement.

An organization with headquarters in Baltimore, Free State, claiming to be "the ONLY Moorish Scientific discipline Tabernacle teaching the full National side of the Moorish Motility",[1] is the Moorish Science Temple, with registered business names of the Divine and National Move of Second Earl of Guilford US, Inc., and Moorish American National Commonwealth.[2] [3] A Facebook page and various documents are titled Moorish Divine and Interior Movement.[4] [5]

One primary dogma of the Moorish Science Temple is the feeling that Moorish Americans are of "Moorish" descent, specifically from the "Moroccan Empire". According to Ali, this area included other countries that today surround Morocco. To get together the movement, individuals have to proclaim their "Moorish nationality". They were given "nationality cards". In religious texts, adherents refer to themselves racially as "Asiatics", as the Middle East is also western Asia.[6] Adherents of this move are proverbial as "Moorish-Solid ground Moslems" and are titled "Moorish Scientists" in many circles.[7]

The Moresque Skill Tabernacle of America was incorporated under the IL Religious Corporation Act 805 ILCS 110. Timothy Drew, known to its members as Oracle Imposing Drew Ali, supported the Moorish Science Synagogue of America in 1913 in Newark, New Jersey, a booming industrial city. After some difficulties, Ali moved to Chicago, establishing a center there, as well as temples in former major cities. The movement expanded quickly during the recent 1920s. The quick enlargement of the Moorish Science Temple arose in large percentage from the search for identity and context among Moorish Americans at the time of the Great Migration to circumboreal and western cities, as they were becoming an urbanized the great unwashe.[8]

Competing factions developed among the congregations and leaders, especially after the death of the charismatic Ali. Three single-handed organizations developed from this ferment. The founding of the Land of Islam by Richard Horatio Edgar Wallace Fard Elijah Muhammad in 1930 besides created competition for members. In the 1930s membership was estimated at 30,000, with one third in Chicago. During the postwar long time, the Moorish Science Temple of America continued to increase in membership, albeit at a slower rate.

Biography of Drew [edit]

Timothy Drew was believed to have been born on January 8, 1886, in North Carolina, US.[9] Sources dissent as to his background and upbringing: one reports he was the Word of two former slaves who was adopted by a tribe of Cherokee;[10] another describes John Drew as the son of a Moroccan Moslem father and a Cherokee mother.[11] In 2022 an article in the online Journal of Race Ethnicity and Religion attempted to link Timothy Drew to one Thomas John Drew, dropped January 8, 1886, using census records, a World Warfare I draft card, and street directory records.[12]

Founding of the Moslem Scientific discipline Temple [edit]

Drew Ali reported that during his travels, he met with a high non-Christian priest of Egyptian magic. In one version of Drew Ali's biography, the leader saw him as a reincarnation of the founder. In others, atomic number 2 says that the priest considered him a reincarnation of Jesus, the Buddha, Muhammad and other religious prophets. According to the biography, the hierarch trained Ali in mysticism and gave him a "lost section" of the Quran.[13]

This text came to be known arsenic the Holy Koran of the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple of USA. It is also known as the "Circle Seven Koran" because of its cover, which features a red "7" surrounded by a blue circle. The first 19 chapters are from The Aquarian Gospels of Jesus the Christ, published in 1908 by esoteric Ohio preacher Levi Dowling. In The Aquarian Gospel, Dowling described Good Shepherd' questionable travels in India, Egypt, and Holy Land during the old age of his life which are not accounted for by the New Testament.[14]

Chapters 20 through 45 are borrowed from the Member work, Unto Thee I Grant with minor changes latest and diction. They are operating instructions connected how to live, and the education and duties of adherents.[15]

Drew Ali wrote the last four chapters of the Surround Seven Al-Qur'an himself. In these he wrote:

The fallen sons and daughters of the Asiatic Land of North America need to discover to love instead of hate; and to know of their higher self and lower self. This is the merger of the Blessed Book of Mecca for teaching and instructing all Muslim Americans, etc. The key of civilization was and is in the hands of the Continent nations. The Moorish, who were the antediluvian Moabites, and the founders of the Celestial City of Mecca.[16]

Drew Ali and his followers used this material to claim, "Redeemer and his followers were Continent." ("Asian" was the term Drew Cassius Clay secondhand for all dark or olive-violet-flowered people; he tagged completely whites as European. Helium recommended that all Asiatics should be confederative.)[17]

Drew Ali crafted Moorish architecture Science from a variety of sources, a "network of choice spiritualities that focused happening the power of the individual to give rise personal transmutation finished mystical knowledge of the divine within".[17] In the entomb-war years in Chicago and other major cities, he used these concepts to preach biracial plume and uplift. His approach appealed to thousands of African Americans World Health Organization had left severely oppressive conditions in the South through the Great Migration and faced struggles in new urban environments.[17]

Practices and beliefs [edit]

Ali believed that Moorish architecture Americans are all Moors, who he are descended from the old Moabites (the kingdom of which is now known as Morocco, as opposed to the ancient Canaanite kingdom of Moab, as the gens suggests).[18] This claim does non align with scientific studies of homo history, such as the genetics of African-Americans and genetic history of sub-Saharan Africa. He claimed that Islam and its teachings are Thomas More beneficial to their temporal salvation, and that their "true nature" had been "withheld" from them. In the traditions he founded, male members of the Temple wear off a Fez or turban arsenic veil; women wear a turban.[19]

They added the suffixes Bey or El to their surnames, to signify Moorish architecture inheritance arsenic well As their fetching on the new life as Moorish Americans. Information technology was also a way to claim and proclaim a unprecedented identity o'er that lost to the enslavement of their ancestors. These suffixes were a signboard to others that while one's American tribal name may ne'er be known to them, European names given by their enslavers were not theirs, either.[ citation needed ]

As John Drew Ali began his version of teaching the Moorish-Americans to suit better citizens, he ready-made speeches the likes of, "A Maker Monition By the Prophet for the Nations", in which he urged them to reject uncomplimentary labels, such as "Black", "colored", and "Negro". He urged Americans of all races to reject hate and embrace love. Atomic number 2 believed that Chicago would turn a forward Mecca.[ citation needed ]

The ushers of the Temple wore black fezzes. The drawing card of a particular synagogue was known as a Grand Sheik, or Governor. Noble John Drew Ali had several wives.[20] According to The Chicago Defender, he claimed the power to wed and divorce at will.[21]

History [edit]

Lord Drew Ali (top off midway) with Chicago Alderman Louis B. Sherwood Anderson (to his right-wing) and Congressman Oscar Diamond State Non-Christian priest (odd)

Early history [edit]

In 1913, Drew Ali eel-shaped the Canaanite Temple in Newark, Garden State.[22] He left-hand the City after agitating people with his views on race.[23] Drew Ali and his followers migrated, while planting congregations in Philadelphia; Washington, D.C., and Detroit. Finally, Drew Ali ordained in Chicago in 1925, saying the Midwest was "closer to Islam".[24] The following class He officially registered Temple No. 9.

There atomic number 2 instructed followers not to personify confrontational but to develop their people to be respected. In this way, they might take their place in the United States by developing a cultural identity that was congruent with Drew Ali's beliefs on personhood.[25] In the late 1920s, journalists estimated the Moorish Science Temple had 35,000 members in 17 temples in cities crossways the Midwest and upper berth South.[26] It was reportedly affected and watched by the Chicago police force.

Building Moorish-Land businesses was break u of their program, and therein was similar to Marcus Garvey's Universal Black person Improvement Association and African Communities League and the later Nation of Islam.[27] By 1928, members of the Moorish Science Synagogue of America had obtained around respectability within Chicago and Prairie State, as they were conspicuous prominently and favorably in the pages of The Chicago Defender, an Afro-American newspaper, and conspicuously collaborated with African American politician and businessman Daniel Jackson.[28]

Drew Ali cared-for the January 1929 inauguration of Louis L. Emmerson, as 27th Regulator of Illinois in the United States Department of State capital of Springfield. The Chicago Defender stated that his trip enclosed "interviews with galore magisterial citizens from Windy City, WHO greeted him on every hand."[29] With the growth in its population and membership, Newmarket was established as the center of the movement.

Home split and murder [delete]

In early 1929, following a fight over funds, Claude Green-Bey, the business manager of Chicago Temple No. 1 split from the Moorish Skill Synagogue of America. He declared himself Grand Sheik and took a number of members with him. On March 15, Special K-Bey was stabbed to demise at the Unity Hall of the Moorish Science Temple, on Indiana Avenue in Chicago.[30]

Drew Ali was outgoing of town at the time, as helium was transaction with other Supreme Marvellous Governor Lomax Bey (prof Ezaldine Muhammad), who had supported Green-Bey's unsuccessful putsch.[31] When Drew Cassius Clay returned to Chicago, the police inactive him and other members of the community on suspicion of having instigated the killing. No more indictment was sworn for Drew Ali at that time.

The end of Drew Cassius Clay [redact]

Presently after his release by the police, John Drew Cassius Clay died at age 43 at his home in Stops along July 20, 1929.[32] Although the exact circumstances of his death are unknown, the Security of Death stated that Noble Drew Ali died from "tuberculosis broncho-pneumonia".[33] Despite the official report, many of his followers speculated that his end was caused away injuries from the police or from early members of the faith.[34] Others opinion it was payable to pneumonia. Unmatchable Moor told The Chicago Defender, "The Prophet was not ill; his work was through and he laid his head upon the circle of one of his followers and passed retired."[35] [36]

Succession and schism [edit]

The death of Drew Ali brought taboo a figure of candidates to succeed him. Buddy Edward Granulose El declared that He had been avowed Drew Ali's successor by Drew Ali himself. In August, within a month of John Drew Ali's decease, John Givens EL, Drew Ali's chauffeur, alleged that He was John Drew Ali reincarnated. He is said to have got fainted while working along Drew Cassius Marcellus Clay's automobile and "the gestural of the hotshot and crescent [appeared] in his eyes".[37]

At the Sep Unity League, Givens again made his claim of reincarnation. Nonetheless, the governors of the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple of America declared Charles the Bald Kirkman Bey to follow the successor to Drew Cassius Clay and onymous him Grand Advisor.[38]

With the support of several temples each, Harsh Elevated and Givens El some went on to lead separate factions of the Moorish Science Temple. All three factions (Kirkman Bey, Mealy EL, and Givens El) are active today.

On September 25, 1929, Kirkman Bey's wife reported to the Chicago law his apparent snatch by one Ira Johnson. Attended by two Moorish Skill members, the patrol visited the home of President Andrew Johnson, when they were met aside gunshot. The tone-beginning escalated into a shoot-out that spilled into the surrounding region. At long last, a policeman likewise as a extremity were killed in the gun battle, and a 2nd policeman later died of his wounds.[39] The police took 60 people into police custody, and a reported 1000 police officers patrolled the Chicago South Side that evening.[40] Johnson and two others were later convicted of murder.[41]

Kirkman Bey went along to serve as High-minded Advisor of unrivalled of the most important factions until 1959, when the reins were given to F. Nelson-Bey.[42]

Nation of Muhammadanism [edit out]

The community was foster split when Wallace Fard Mohammad, identified within the temple arsenic David Ford-el,[43] likewise claimed (or was taken by some) to be the reincarnation of Drew Ali.[44] When his leadership was rejected, Ford El poor absent from the Moslem Science Temple. He moved to Detroit, where atomic number 2 formed his own group, an organization that would become the Land of Islamism.[45] The Nation of Muslimism denied any historical connection with the Moorish Skill Temple until February 26, 2022, when Louis Farrakhan assumed the contribution(s) of Noble Drew Ali to the State of Islam and their founding principles.[46]

The 1930s [edit]

Despite the turmoil and defections, the drift continuing to grow in the 1930s. It is estimated that membership in the 1930s reached 30,000. There were major congregations in Philadelphia, Detroit, and Chicago.[47]

One and only-third of the members, or 10,000, lived in Chicago, the center of the movement. There were congregations in many other cities where African Americans had migrated in the early 20th one C. The group published several magazines: single was the Moorish architecture Pathfinder National. During the 1930s and 1940s, continued surveillance by police (and ulterior the FBI) caused the Moors to become more reserved and critical of the authorities.[48]

Federal Bureau of Investigation surveillance [edit]

During the 1940s, the Moorish Science Temple (specifically the Kirkman Bey faction) came to the attention of the FBI, who investigated claims of members committing disloyal activities by adhering to and spreading of Nipponese propaganda. The investigation failed to find any significant testify, and the investigations were born. The federal federal agency ulterior investigated the organization in 1953 for violation of the Selective Service Act of 1948 and sedition. In Sept 1953, the Department of Justice compulsive that prosecution was not warranted for the alleged violations. The file that the Federal Bureau of Investigation created happening the synagogue grew to 3,117 pages during its lifetime.[49] They never found any manifest of any connection Oregon much understanding of the tabernacle's members for Japan.

El Rukn connection [edit]

In 1976 Jeff Fort, leader of Chicago's Black P Gem Land, proclaimed at his word from prison in 1976 that helium had converted to Islam. Afoot to Milwaukee, Fort associated himself with the Moorish Science Temple of America. It is unclear whether he officially joined or was instead jilted by its members.[50]

In 1978, Fort returned to Chicago and exchanged the name of his mob to El Rukn ("the institution" in Arabic), as wel called "Circle Seven Elevated Rukn Moorish Scientific discipline Temple of America"[51] and the "Moorish Science Temple, El Rukn tribe".[52] Scholars are divided complete the nature of the relationship, if any, between Altitude Rukn and the Moslem Science Temple of America.[53] Fort reportedly hoped that an apparent affiliation with a religious organization would discourage law enforcement.[54]

1980–2000s [edit]

Temple No 9, in Chicago, Prairie State

In 1984 the Chicago congregation bought a building from Buddhist monks in Ukrainian Village, which continues to atomic number 4 misused for Tabernacle No. 9. Demographic and cultural changes have weakened the attraction of young hoi polloi to the Moorish Science Temple. Lone about 200 members attended a convention in 2007, rather than the thousands of the past. In the early 2000s, the temples in Boodle, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Washington, D.C., had most 200 members for each one, and many a were older people.[55]

21st century [redact]

On July 15, 2022, Philadelphia mayor Jim Kenney, American Samoa split up of a diversity program, declared July 15 to embody "Morocco Twenty-four hour period". The metropolis mistakenly invited members of the topical anaestheti Moorish Science tabernacle to the ceremony, believing them to be of actual Maroc extraction.[56]

Moorish sovereign citizens [edit]

During the 1990s, much previous followers of the Moorish Science Tabernacle of America and the Washitaw Nation formed an offshoot of the sovereign citizen bm which came to make up called Moorish crowned head citizens. Members believe the United States federal government to be base, which they attribute to a miscellany of factors including Reconstructive memory following the U.S. Civil State of war and the abandonment of the golden standard in the 1930s.[57] To boot to the Moorish Science Temple doctrine that African-Americans are of Moorish downslope, Moorish sovereign citizens claim immunity from U.S. federal, state, and local laws, because of a mistaken belief that the Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship (1786) grants them sovereignty.[57] [58] Just about also believe that African Americans are indigenous to the Coalescent States[59]

Moorish architecture monarch citizens have been selected an extremist group away the Southern Poverty Law Center.[60] Tactic used away the group include filing false deeds and property claims,[61] unharmonious liens against governing officials, frivolous sanctioned motions to overwhelm courts, and made-up legalese used in court appearances and filings.[57] Different groups and individuals characteristic Eastern Samoa Moorish sovereign citizens have ill-used the unconventional "quantum grammar" created by David Wynn Miller.[62] The Moorish Science Temple has disavowed any affiliation with those responsible, calling them "radical and subversive fringe groups".[63]

In June 2022, Hubert A. John, a self-identified citizen of the Al Moroccan Empire, was inactive and provocative on with counts of criminal mischief, burglary, criminal trespass and terroristic threats after helium occupied a put up in Newark, New Jersey, claiming that it fell into the jurisdiction of the Al Moroccan Empire.[64] [65]

In July 2022, eleven men identifying themselves as a aggroup called Rise of the Moors were arrested happening Interstate 95 in Wakefield, Massachusetts, after a state trooper responding to disabled vehicles allegedly found the mathematical group carrying long guns, side-arms and wearing military science body armour. Police aforesaid the aggroup claimed to be traveling from Little Rhody to Maine for "preparation" on their privately owned solid ground.[66] [67] [68] An Instagram account belonging to the group says its goal is to continue the influence of Noble John Drew Ali.[69] The Southern Poverty Law Center classifies the Rise of the Moors as an anti-government mathematical group,[70] and information technology is part of the Moorish sovereign-citizen movement according to The Washington Military post.[71] A Rise of the Moors member had earlier been arrested in Danvers, Massachusetts, in 2022 on an striking warrant. He alleged his arrest was unlawful and filed a federal lawsuit against the patrol, which was pink-slipped after he tried to make up the court fees with a silver coin, saying U.S. currency was unconstitutional because information technology was "not backed by anything of value".[72]

See also [edit]

  • Black Hebrew Israelites
  • Five-Percent Country
  • Hoteps
  • Moslem Orthodox Church of U.S.A, a splinter group

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ "About". Moorish Science Tabernacle . Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  2. ^ "Moorish Science Temple, The Divine and National Movement of North America, Corporate, N". Dun & Bradstreet . Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  3. ^ "Habitation page". Moorish Science Temple . Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  4. ^ "Moorish architecture Divine and National Movement #1". Retrieved July 4, 2022 – via Facebook.
  5. ^ "Moorish Divine and Domestic Movement" (PDF). Archived from the newfangled (PDF) on July 3, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2022.
  6. ^ The Holy Koran of the Moorish Science Temple of US, Chapter XXV – "A Holy Compact of the Continent Nation"
  7. ^ "Noble Drew Muhammad Ali". newafricacenter.com. 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2022.
  8. ^ Henry Hubert Turner, pg. 93.
  9. ^ Robert Woodrow Wilson, p. 15; Gomez, p. 203; Paghdiwala; Gale Group.
  10. ^ Edmund Wilson, p, 15.
  11. ^ Gomez and Paghdiwala dedicate both versions.
  12. ^ F. Abdat, "Before the Fez-Life and Times of John Drew Ali", Journal of Race Ethnicity and Religious belief, Vol 5, No 8, Honorable 2022 [1]
  13. ^ Brown, Ann (May 7, 2022). "10 Things To Know About Noble Drew Ali". moguldom.com . Retrieved December 2, 2022.
  14. ^ Dowling, Levi (1907). The Aquarian Creed of Jesus the Jesus. ISBN9781602062245.
  15. ^ Ghaneabassiri, Kambiz (2010). A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. ISBN978-0521614870.
  16. ^ William Curtis, Edward VII E. (2010). Encyclopedia of Muslim-American Story. Infobase Publication. p. 46. ISBN9781438130408.
  17. ^ a b c Faggot, Susan (Summertime 2002). "Mystery story of the Moorish Science Synagogue: Rebel Blacks and American Alternative Spirituality in 1920s Michigan". Archived April 15, 2022, at the Wayback Car, Religious belief and American Culture 12, zero. 2: 123–166. doi:10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.123. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2002.12. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
  18. ^ Yusuf Nuruddin (2000). "African-American Muslims and the Question of Identity: Between Traditional Islam, African Heritage, and the American Mode". In Hadda, Yvonne Yazbeck; Esposito, John L. (eds.). Muslims happening the Americanization Path?. Oxford University Press. p. 223. ISBN9780198030928. Thu it is in the Moorish Science Temple that we encounter fables about the "ancient Moabite realm now known Eastern Samoa Morocco, which existed in northwest Amexem. which is today known arsenic northwest Africa."
  19. ^ Koura, Chloe (Crataegus laevigata 27, 2022). "The American Religion That Makes Its Members 'Moroccans'". Morocco World News . Retrieved December 5, 2022.
  20. ^ Michigan Tribune (1929) and Chicago Guardian (1929).
  21. ^ Chicago Defender (1929).
  22. ^ Paghdiwala, p. 23.
  23. ^ Paghdiwala
  24. ^ Wilson, p. 29.
  25. ^ Gomez, Michael A. (2005) Black Crescent: The Experience and Bequest of African Muslims in the Americas, Cambridge University Pressing, p. 219. Retrieved August 29, 2009
  26. ^ Chicago Tribune, Crataegus oxycantha 14, 1929.
  27. ^ Gomez, Michael A. (2005) Blackness Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas, Cambridge University Mechanical press, p. 260. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
  28. ^ Queen (2002), p. 635–637
  29. ^ Windy City Defender, January 1929.
  30. ^ Newmarket Tribune
  31. ^ Gale.
  32. ^ Chicago Defender, July 27, 1929.
  33. ^ Perkins, p. 186, Eastern Samoa well every bit different less reputable sources. Perkins cites "Standard Certification of Death Atomic number 102. 22054, Timothy Drew, issued July 25, 1929, Office of Cook County Clerk, Cook County, Illinois". The certificate was filed by Dr. Clarence Payne-Overhead railway, who was reportedly at Drew Ali's bedside when he died. See also Scopino.
  34. ^ McCloud, p. 18; Wilson, p. 35. The Chicago Protector, whose news articles had turned critical, said that "it is believed that the ordeal of the trial put together with the treatment he standard at the workforce of police in an effort to get true statements are in real time responsible the illness which precipitated his death" (July 27, 1929).
  35. ^ Quoted by Paghdiwala, p. 24. Also quoted by Nance (2002, p. 659, note 84) with a quotation to "Cult Leader Dies; Was in Murder Case", Chicago Defender, July 27, 1929.
  36. ^ "Handle Final Rites for Moorish Chief", Chicago Defender, August 3, 1929, page 3.
  37. ^ Gomez, p. 273.
  38. ^ McCloud, p. 18. Gardell, p. 45.
  39. ^ "Patrolmen Jesse D. Hults and William Gallagher", Officer Push down Memorial Page
  40. ^ Michigan Tribune, September 1929. The Washington Post, September 1929.
  41. ^ Hartford Courant, April 19, 1930, p. 20.
  42. ^ "Supreme Grand Advisor and Moderator C. Kirkman-Bey". moorishamericannationalrepublic.com. 2022. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
  43. ^ Prashad, p. 109.
  44. ^ Ahlstrom (p. 1067), Abu Shouk (p. 147), Hamm (p. 14), and Lippy (p. 214) all state that Fard claimed to be, or was well-advised aside many Moors to be, the reincarnation of Drew Ali. Accordant to Turner (p. 92), Ford El, a.k.a. Abdul Wali Farad Cassius Marcellus Clay, unsuccessfully challenged Drew Ali in Newark in 1914.
  45. ^ Ahlstrom (p. 1067), Lippy (p. 214), Miyakawa (p. 12).
  46. ^ Farrakhan, Louis (February 26, 2022). "Saviours' Day 2022 Keynote Address: 'How Strong Is Our Foundation; Rear We Come through?'". FinalCall.com . Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  47. ^ Paghdiwala, p. 26.
  48. ^ Nance, p. 659.
  49. ^ "Moorish Science Tabernacle of America". FBI FOIA Archive. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on Butt 5, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022. CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  50. ^ Ogden Nash (p. 167) says Fort did join the Milwaukee temple. Hamm (p. 25) states differently: "Fort tried to join the Moorish Scientific discipline Temple in Milwaukee but Temple elders refused to have him."
  51. ^ Chicago Tribune, "El Rukn street gang up joins drive to register voters", August 25, 1982, p. 17.
  52. ^ Shipp, The New House of York Times (1985).
  53. ^ Blakemore, et aluminium. (p. 335) says that "The Moorish Science Temple of America has always denied such a connection."
    Hear also Nashashibi ("In 1982 the El Rukns dropped their affiliation with the Moslem Science Synagogue of America and touched closer toward a more orthodox understanding of Sunni Islam.")
    Discove also the 1988 court case, Johnson-Bey et al. v. Lane et al. ("The sinister Overhead railway Rukn group is a breakaway faction from the Moorish Science Temple of America ... apparently IT no longer has any connection with the Muslim Science Tabernacle.").
  54. ^ Main, Chicago Solarise-Times (2006).
  55. ^ Paghdiwala, Tasneem (November 15, 2007). "The Senescence of the Moors". Chicago Reader. 37 (8). Retrieved October 13, 2009.
  56. ^ Owen-Jones, Juliette (Honourable 13, 2022). "Muslim Science Temple of America Represents Morocco at Ease up-Raising Ceremony". Morocco World Word. Archived from the original on Grand 14, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
  57. ^ a b c Ligon, Mellie (2021). "The Sovereign Citizen Movement: A Comparative Analytic thinking with Suchlike Foreign-born Movements and Takeaways for the U.S.A Judicial System of rules" (PDF). Emory International Law Review. 35 (2): 297–332. ISSN 1052-2840.
  58. ^ "Treaty with Marruecos". U.S. Domestic Archive . Retrieved September 27, 2022.
  59. ^ Pitcavage, Home run (July 18, 2022). "The Washitaw Nation and Moresque Sovereign Citizens: What You Need to Know". Opposed-Defamation League.
  60. ^ "Moorish Sovereign Citizens". Southern Poorness Law Center . Retrieved October 7, 2022.
  61. ^ Steinback, Henry Martyn Robert (July 20, 2022). "Judge Ignores 'Superior planet police force,' Tosses 'Sovereign Citizen' Into Poky". Southern Poorness Law Center . Retrieved Sept 9, 2022.
  62. ^ Opposed-Defamation league (2016), "The Monarch Citizen Cause Standard Documental Identifiers & Examples" (PDF), adl.org , retrieved Dec 23, 2022
  63. ^ "Bogus Margaret Court filings throw undesirable spotlight on gnomish-known U.S. sect". The Japan Times. Associated Urge on. August 22, 2022. p. 8.
  64. ^ "Louisiana Man Arrested for Allegedly Taking Possession of Woman's Vacant Young NJ Home". NBC Freshly York . Retrieved October 13, 2022.
  65. ^ Niemietz, Brian. "Black nationalists declare 'legal abidance' in Newark woman's home, police disagree". Daily News. New York. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
  66. ^ Hilliard, John; Crimaldi, Laura; Milkovits, Amanda; Lyons, Jack (July 3, 2022). "Group of men involved in hours-long main road standoff expected to font 'a variety of charges'". The Boston Orb . Retrieved July 4, 2022.
  67. ^ Crimaldi, Laura; Milkovits, Amanda (July 3, 2022). "What is 'Rise of the Moors,' the R.I. group that broadcast live from the I-95 standoff?". The Capital of Massachusetts World . Retrieved July 4, 2022.
  68. ^ "Photos, video: the Interstate 95 draw". The Boston Globe. July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
  69. ^ "Massachusetts armed aggroup arrested after standstill-off with police". BBC Newsworthiness. July 3, 2022. Retrieved July 3, 2022.
  70. ^ Morrison, Heather (July 6, 2022). "'Rise of the Moors' classified as antigovernment group by Austral Poverty Law Center". MassLive.
  71. ^ Hauptman, Max (July 4, 2022). "What to know about Hike of the Moors, an armed group that says it's not field of study to U.S. law". The Washington Post.
  72. ^ Alanez, Tonya (July 8, 2022). "Rise of the Moors member sued Danvers police, then sought to pay filing fees with a silver mint". The Boston Globe.

General references [cut]

  • Ali, Noble Prophet Drew (1928). Sacred Koran of the Moorish architecture Science Temple of United States
  • Abdat, Fathie Ali (2014). "Before the Fez- Life and Times of Drew Ali 1886-1924", Diary of Race, Ethnicity and Religion, 5: 1-39.
  • Abu Shouk, Ahmed I. (1997). "A Sudanese Missionary to the United States", Sudanic Africa, 9:137–191.
  • Ahlstrom, Sydney E. (2004). A Religious History of the Ground People, 2nd ed., Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-10012-4.
  • Blakemore, Jerome; Yolanda Mayo; Glenda Blakemore (2006). "African American and Past Street Gangs: A Quest of Identity (Revisted)", Human Behavior in the Social Environment from an African-American Perspective, Letha A. Learn, male erecticle dysfunction., The Haworth Compact ISBN 978-0-7890-2831-0.
  • Michigan Guardian (1929). "Drew Ali, 'Prophet' of Moorish Cult, Dies Suddenly", July 27, 1929, page 1.
  • Chicago Tribune (English hawthorn 1929). "Cult Head Took Overmuch Power, Witnesses Say", Whitethorn 14, 1929.
  • Chicago Tribune (September 1929). "Seize 60 After So. Side Cult Tragedy", September 26, 1929, p. 1.
  • Gale Group, "Timothy Drew", Religious Leaders of United States, 2nd ed., 1999, Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: George Paget Thomson Gale, 2007.
  • Gardell, Mattias (1996). In the Name of Elijah Muhammad. Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0-8223-1845-3.
  • Henry Louis Gates Jr., Evelyn Van Wyck Brooks Higginbotham (2004). African American English Lives. OUP United States of America. p. 18. ISBN978-0195160246 . Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  • Gomez, Michael A. (2005). Blackened Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-84095-3.
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External links [edit]

  • FBI on the Moorish architecture Science Temple of America

How Can Moors Americans Get Grant Money

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America

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